Concealed Hinge

A concealed hinge, also known as a hidden or European hinge, is a type of hinge that has parts invisible to the onlooker when the door is closed. They are commonly used in cabinet doors to add an aesthetically pleasing and...
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This article will take an in-depth look at butt hinges.
The article will bring more detail on topics such as:
This chapter delves into the mechanics, operation, and important considerations for choosing butt hinges effectively.
Hinges serve as versatile connectors that link two objects, allowing relative motion between them. Butt hinges are notable for their rectangular plates, which attach to two parallel surfaces, enabling a swinging range of up to 180 degrees. Key elements of a butt hinge include the knuckle, pin, and two leaves.
In a butt hinge, the leaves are connected by a pin threaded through the knuckle. These hinges are typically mortised, necessitating a groove or hole cut into the surfaces, hence their alternate name "mortise hinges." A butt hinge is composed of two equal-sized leaves and usually features a more prominent knuckle than other hinge varieties. When closed, the leaves lie flush against each other, facilitated by the knuckle's width.
The primary function of a butt hinge is to enable the smooth swinging movement required for opening and closing doors, gates, windows, shelves, and similar items. It allows the moving element to pivot away from the stationary component seamlessly. Additionally, the butt hinge supports the moving part, removing the need for manual adjustments each time the door is operated.
In a typical butt hinge configuration, one leaf is mounted on a fixed structure, like a door frame, and the other on a movable element, such as a door. When closed, the leaves meet flush, with the knuckle forming a cylindrical barrel. Threaded fasteners, such as screws, are used to secure the leaves, while the knuckle uses a pin, which may be either fixed or removable.
Butt hinges are a reliable choice for a range of door installations, including cabinet and entry doors as well as exterior gates. When selecting a butt hinge, several factors should be evaluated based on its intended usage and location of application.
For instances involving heavy doors or gates, heavy-duty hinges made from materials such as galvanized steel, stainless steel, die-cast zinc, or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) may be necessary to support the weight.
In moist environments, choosing a hinge that resists corrosion is critical. Materials like stainless steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, and nylon are known for their corrosion-resistant properties. Furthermore, applying paint can extend the resistance to corrosion.
In high-temperature settings, selecting the correct hinge material is vital to avoid failures. Consider the environmental conditions and usual temperature ranges for compatibility. Galvanized steel, known for its heat resistance, could be a suitable choice.
Impact refers to the shock resulting from collisions between objects. Hinges used in such conditions benefit from wearing materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which offer impact resistance.
The durability of hinges depends on the materials they interact with. Selecting a hinge material compatible with the application ensures longevity. Common durable materials include die-cast zinc, nylon, stainless steel, and galvanized steel.
For connecting lighter components, choosing a lightweight hinge, such as one made from aluminum, ensures suitable compatibility.
Butt hinges are excellent for doors requiring simple removal. Stainless steel is optimal for hinges that need frequent upkeep, cleaning, or replacement.
Hinges for doors and furniture also serve aesthetic purposes, complementing the seamless look of furnishings while performing their functional roles.
Hinge orientation impacts how it turns around the door, coming in left-handed and right-handed options. The decision hinges on the design and swing direction of the door.
In this chapter, we will explore the comprehensive design considerations and advanced manufacturing methods for butt hinges, a critical hardware component widely used in doors, cabinets, gates, and structural joinery. Understanding the key features and production processes of butt hinges is vital when specifying, sourcing, or evaluating high-performance hinges for both residential and industrial applications.
The essential design features and components of butt hinges include:
Leaf: The leaf is the flat, rigid plate that extends from the knuckle or barrel and attaches to surfaces such as doors, frames, or furniture panels, commonly via screws or industrial adhesives. This provides stability and structural support.
Leaf Width: Leaf width is the distance measured across the knuckle from the pin's center to the outside edge of the leaf. Correct leaf width ensures optimal load distribution and smooth operation in heavy-duty or commercial hinge installations.
Leaf Length: Often called leaf height, this measurement—taken perpendicular to the pin—directly impacts hinge strength, weight-bearing capacity, and installation compatibility with various architectural hardware systems.
Leaf Thickness: Known as gauge, leaf thickness determines the hinge’s strength, rigidity, and resistance to warping under pressure.
Knuckle or Barrel: The knuckle, or barrel, is the cylindrical joint that houses the pin and allows pivotal movement. Also referred to as the bearing, it is crucial for the butt hinge’s rotational axis. Butt hinges often feature fixed or removable pins for different security requirements.
Pitch: Pitch is the distance from one side of a knuckle to the identical edge of the adjacent knuckle. A smaller pitch typically indicates more knuckles and increased durability under continuous use, which is essential in commercial doors or industrial access panels.
Paint Clearance: The space between a leaf and a knuckle, allowing for smooth movement without finish abrasion or binding—important in architectural hardware where painted or coated surfaces are common.
Countersunk Holes: Specifically engineered holes that accommodate flush mounting screws, ensuring secure and aesthetically pleasing hinge installation on wood, metal, or composite doors.
Pin: The central rod inserted through the knuckle, connecting and allowing rotation between the two hinge leaves. Butt hinges can feature either fixed pins for added security or removable pins for easier door removal, a key consideration in safety-critical environments.
End Play: Axial movement between hinge leaves, which should be minimized to reduce noise, prevent wear, and enable a precise fit and long-lasting performance.
Additional features available in specialty butt hinges include ball bearings for smoother and quieter operation, non-removable pin security options, corrosion-resistant coatings such as zinc plating or stainless steel construction for marine or outdoor applications, and fire-rated hinge certifications for regulatory compliance on commercial doors.
Butt hinges are produced through a variety of advanced manufacturing techniques, each suited for particular materials, performance requirements, and volume needs. Common methods include heat treatment, cold working, extrusion, forming (stamping), casting, cutting, and milling. The choice of manufacturing process affects hinge strength, tolerance, corrosion resistance, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for custom or bulk production.
To create custom butt hinges from metal stock using basic hand tools, follow these practical steps. Begin by designing and marking the desired hinge dimensions, ensuring that your measurements align with the specific door, cabinet, or frame requirements. After preparing detailed sketches, carefully cut the metal with a sharp cutting tool such as a hacksaw or shear, maintaining clean, precise edges for proper hinge performance.
Next, use a hand file to deburr and smooth the edges, minimizing friction and ensuring a quality fit. Roll the alternate wings of each hinge leaf to create the tubular knuckles that will accept the hinge pin. Secure the metal sheet with clamps and utilize long-nosed pliers for control and uniformity during rolling. Precise alignment and symmetry are essential for correct hinge operation.
Test-fit the hinge pin by inserting it through the rolled sections. Adjust as needed for smooth pivot action and minimal end play, which is especially important for high-cycle or security door hinges. Once satisfied with the assembly, use a center punch to mark the locations for screw holes, then drill holes that match your fastener type. This attention to detail ensures that your custom-made butt hinges provide reliable performance in field installations.
Heat treatment is a critical process for hardening, tempering, or annealing metals, enhancing the durability and wear resistance of the final hinge. Heat-treating butt hinges enables precise control over mechanical properties like strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance for demanding applications such as fire doors or heavy commercial doors. Conversely, cold working—shaping metal without applying heat—improves tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance. This technique is often applied to steel, aluminum, and copper alloys, resulting in butt hinges capable of withstanding intense operational cycles and environmental exposure.
Extrusion involves forcing a heated or cold metal billet through a precisely shaped die to create continuous hinge profiles with uniform cross-sections. The resulting butt hinges are generally stronger and thicker than those produced via stamping, making extruded hinges ideal for aerospace, automotive, or heavy-duty industrial uses where superior strength, dimensional accuracy, and reliability are priorities. Though the cost per unit may be higher, extrusion supports diverse design capabilities and the production of custom or specialty hinges.
Forming, also known as stamping, is a mass-production metalworking process in which thin sheets of metal—often steel, brass, or stainless steel—are cut and shaped using specialized dies and presses. The stamped hinge blanks are bent, rolled, or forged as needed to achieve the required shape and tolerance. This process is highly efficient and cost-effective for manufacturing large quantities of standard butt hinges, offering excellent repeatability and tight dimensional accuracy. Stamping also allows manufacturers to produce hinges with features like countersunk holes, embossed marks, or integral security tabs, fulfilling various architectural hardware requirements.
Casting remains a cornerstone of heavy-duty hinge production, particularly where bespoke or decorative designs are required. In this process, molten metal is poured into a refractory mold to form the finished hinge shape, ideal for producing complex or ornamental butt hinges. Cast hinges typically offer superior corrosion resistance, weight, and the ability to incorporate intricate detailing, making them a preferred choice for heritage restoration, marine environments, or premium custom doors.
Precision cutting and milling are essential to achieving the close tolerances required in high-performance butt hinges. Modern techniques such as waterjet and laser cutting are employed for complex shapes and hard-to-machine metals, while traditional methods like sawing and shearing are used for simpler profiles. Milling can further refine hinge features such as bearing faces, screw holes, and customized edge shapes, enhancing both function and finish for demanding industrial and architectural applications.
After primary manufacturing, several secondary and surface treatments are applied to increase the longevity, safety, and appearance of butt hinges. Installation of ball bearings between knuckles significantly reduces friction, making these ball bearing butt hinges ideal for heavy doors, fire-rated doors, or high-traffic environments such as hospitals and schools. Additional surface finishing options—such as painting, burnishing, polishing, powder coating, or electroplating—provide enhanced aesthetics and protection against rust, corrosion, and wear. Rust-proofing methods, including zinc or chrome plating and the use of stainless steel, are especially important in exterior, marine, or harsh industrial settings where long-term hinge performance is mission-critical.
By understanding the design, materials, finishes, and production techniques outlined above, buyers and specifiers can make informed decisions when selecting the best butt hinges for specific construction, architectural hardware, or industrial door projects.
Butt hinges serve as essential components in residential, commercial, and industrial door hardware, valued for their reliability and versatility. With a wide range of design options, configurations, materials, and finishes, selecting the appropriate butt hinge is crucial to ensure optimal performance, longevity, and safety of your door assemblies. The right hinge guarantees proper weight support, alignment, and smooth operation for everything from lightweight interior doors to heavy-duty exterior entryways. When considering butt hinges for your project, factoring in the type of usage, door material, environment (such as moisture exposure or high-traffic areas), and aesthetic requirements will ensure long-term satisfaction. Below, we outline the main butt hinge types, including their features, advantages, and ideal applications to help you make an informed buying decision.
The most common type of butt hinge is the plain bearing hinge, typically used by builders and contractors for internal and lightweight doors. These plain butt hinges consist of two interlocking plates (leaves) joined by a central pin and knuckle, with no added friction-reducing elements such as washers or ball bearings. The metal-on-metal contact is suitable for light-duty door hardware requirements, including closet doors, interior passage doors, and storage room entries. However, due to their basic construction, plain butt hinges are not recommended for exterior or high-traffic applications. They are best suited for very light-duty residential or office doors where smooth, budget-friendly operation is a priority.
A ball tip butt hinge features decorative ball finials at the top and bottom of the hinge barrel, providing a touch of classic elegance while maintaining the essential functionality of standard butt hinges. Ball tip hinges are popular in both traditional and vintage-inspired interiors where ornate door hardware complements the overall design. These decorative butt hinges can be used on both interior and exterior doors, offering additional style without compromising the strength of the hinge mechanism.
Ball-bearing butt hinges are engineered for maximum durability and smooth, long-lasting performance. Ideal for heavy doors, commercial entryways, and doors equipped with automatic door closers, these hinges use lubricated ball bearings inside the knuckle to reduce friction and wear. The increased load-bearing capacity makes ball-bearing butt hinges perfect for security doors, industrial applications, and main entrances subjected to frequent use, as they minimize squeaking, sagging, and operational resistance over time.
Rising butt hinges are designed for scenarios where a door needs to lift slightly as it opens, allowing clearance over thick carpet, tiles, or uneven flooring. This feature is especially useful in legacy homes or commercial interiors with variable floor levels, preventing door scraping and reducing the need for frequent adjustments. Additionally, rising butt hinges simplify door removal for periodic maintenance, moving large items, or cleaning—making them popular in both residential garages and commercial workspaces. Their construction may vary for left- or right-handed doors, so it’s important to choose the correct orientation.
Spring butt hinges, also called self-closing hinges or spring-loaded butt hinges, incorporate an internal spring mechanism that enables doors to shut automatically once released. Available in a variety of leaf thicknesses and finishes, spring butt hinges are commonly installed on screen doors, fire doors, and security doors where self-closure is important for energy efficiency or regulatory compliance. Adjustable tension allows customization of closing speed and force, helping create a consistent, hands-free operation for both residential and commercial environments.
Electric butt hinges are advanced hardware solutions that enable the passage of low-voltage current between the door and frame for integrated electronic security systems. Often used in conjunction with electrified locks, biometric access control, intercoms, and alarm triggers, electric butt hinges provide a secure and discreet way to power electronic features in high-security facilities such as government buildings, prisons, detention centers, and secure corporate offices. Their concealed wiring preserves door aesthetics while supporting complex security requirements.
Offset butt hinges (swing-clear hinges) are specifically designed to increase door clearance by swinging the door completely out of the opening, widening the accessible passage. By relocating the door outside the jamb during opening, offset hinges are perfect for narrow hallways, commercial bathrooms, or any space that requires adherence to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards. They are popular in senior living facilities, hospitals, and public buildings to promote barrier-free access for wheelchairs and individuals with mobility challenges. Offset hinges maximize the functional width of existing doorways without costly renovations.
A butt hinge variation known as a strap hinge allows the plates to be seen for a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. Strap hinges are an early-model hinge design and the only thing that genuinely distinguishes a strap hinge from other traditional hinges is its long, slender shape.
Strap hinges consist of two triangular-shaped metal parts connected by a central pivot axis. When secured between two items or surfaces, strap hinges can swing open and closed around the pivot axis. Their long, slender shape allows them to securely join items or surfaces while occupying minimal space.
Strap hinges are used by both businesses and individual consumers. They can be found on kitchen cabinets for smooth operation, as well as on interior and exterior doors. Businesses often use strap hinges to add a touch of elegance and style.
Despite their similar long and slender shape, strap hinges vary in materials and features. When selecting a strap hinge for your needs, consider the material first. Options include aluminum, iron, steel, brass, and copper, each offering unique properties: steel for durability, aluminum for lightness and corrosion resistance. Some strap hinges are coated with protective layers like zinc to prevent rust and corrosion.
Additionally, consider the size of the strap hinge to ensure it fits the items or surfaces where it will be used. A hinge that is too large may extend beyond the items, while one that is too small may not provide a secure grip.
A piano hinge, also known as a continuous hinge, is a specialized long hinge that runs the entire length of a door, lid, or panel. This full-length construction distributes weight and stress evenly, making piano hinges the ideal choice for heavy cabinet doors, tool chests, storage containers, folding partitions, and—naturally—piano lids. By covering the whole joint, piano hinges offer increased durability, superior alignment, and reduced risk of door sagging over time. Their robust design and uniform support make them indispensable for applications with frequent opening and closing or where seamless motion and strength are essential.
Even though it is obvious that butt hinges and standard door hinges make it simple to open and shut a door, there are a number of other types of hinges that also make it simple to open and close chests, toy boxes, and even pianos. A piano hinge is one kind of hinge. Piano hinges, which are also called continuous hinges, are lengthy and frequently provide support throughout the whole length of a cabinet, chest, or toy box door. Understandably, piano hinges are also frequently used on upright piano lids, thus the name.
A piano hinge, much like a strap door hinge, offers the flexibility of being installed either as an exposed or concealed hinge. For example, on a furniture chest, a piano hinge can be easily mortised into both the frame and lid, making it invisible when the lid is closed for a seamless appearance.
One of the defining features of piano hinges is their ability to span the entire length of the surface they support, hence earning the name "continuous hinge". They come in various thicknesses, pin sizes, widths, finishes, and unique designs. Piano hinges are straightforward to install, relatively cost-effective, and highly durable, making them ideal for applications that involve heavy usage and substantial wear and tear. They are particularly suited for situations requiring robust strength.
Interested in installation tips or how to select the right piano hinge material for your application? When choosing continuous hinges, consider whether you require corrosion-resistant finishes for humid environments (like stainless steel or brass), or a concealed mounting for a seamless aesthetic in high-end or decorative furniture.
Lift-off hinges, also referred to as removable hinges or door-removal hinges, are engineered for rapid, tool-free door removal by simply lifting the door off the frame. Popular in industrial, commercial, and institutional settings, lift-off hinges enable swift access for maintenance, repairs, cleaning, or moving oversized equipment. They also support rotation of up to 360 degrees for added flexibility. Typical applications include machinery access panels, generator rooms, HVAC closets, and specialized cabinetry where unobstructed entry is periodically needed for large deliveries or equipment service.
Concealed hinges (sometimes called European hinges or hidden hinges) are designed to remain unseen when a door or cabinet is closed, creating a sleek, modern appearance. These hinges are favored in minimalist interior design and high-end cabinetry, emphasizing clean lines and uninterrupted surfaces. In addition to offering enhanced aesthetics, they boost security—since tamper-proof construction prevents forced entry or unauthorized access from the outside. Concealed hinges are commonly adjustable and offer soft-close features, further reducing noise and wear. Large concealed hinges are available for heavy, oversized doors, ensuring that even larger installations can benefit from this hidden, secure hardware.
Some hinges are designed to accommodate the thickness of cabinetry. Overlay hinges are commonly used in kitchen and bathroom cabinets, allowing the door to extend over the cabinet frame and rest flush against the cabinet’s exterior surface. These cabinet hinges can be fully or partially concealed, contributing to a neat, modern appearance. Overlay hinges come in various sizing options (¼�, ⅜�, ½� overlays, etc.), and the size selected impacts the portion of the cabinet frame that remains visible when the door is closed.
The overlay type you choose depends on both the cabinet configuration and your design preferences. Full overlay hinges are often installed in frameless cabinets or for end units, allowing the door to completely cover the cabinet face. Half overlay (partial overlay) hinges are used for pairs of doors sharing a single partition, such as in the center of larger cabinet units. Their easy adjustability, wide range of finishes, and compatibility with both face-frame and frameless cabinetry make overlay hinges one of the most versatile types for kitchen and bathroom remodels.
Leaf hinges, often crafted from die-cast zinc alloy or stainless steel, deliver flexibility for doors that must swing wide (up to 270 degrees of rotation). Suitable for both left and right-handed door installations, these hinges can be used with flush-mounted or protruding doors on cabinets, enclosures, and mid-sized machinery. Leaf hinges are valued for their durability, corrosion resistance, and ease of installation, making them a top choice for commercial and industrial applications requiring frequent opening or wide access.
Corner butt hinges are a specialized sub-type designed to fit flush in the corner where two surfaces meet, such as metal cabinets or machine covers. Predominantly installed inside the enclosure for tamper resistance, corner hinges facilitate straightforward installation and allow doors to be removed simply by opening them to a certain angle. These hinges are widely used in industrial environments and enclosures—where ease of maintenance access and security are paramount. There are also external corner hinge variants for machines requiring heavy-duty support.
Double-action butt hinges—also known as café door hinges, saloon door hinges, or double-acting spring hinges—allow doors to swing open in either direction and self-center to the closed position. Commonly installed in restaurants, commercial kitchens, and retail stores (as well as in creative residential interiors), double-action hinges support a smooth, hands-free passage through busy doorways. Both spring and gravity-driven designs are available, with each offering unique benefits suited to the desired opening force, return speed, and noise level.
Double-action hinges are engineered with dual-barrel construction and spring or gravity mechanisms, ensuring the door automatically re-centers after being pushed open from either side. Spring-loaded double-action hinges use adjustable spring tension but lack a hold-open feature—ideal for privacy and consistent closure. Gravity-based double-action hinges offer a softer, quieter close and often include a hold-open option, making them a good fit for family homes and high-traffic business environments. Installation typically requires specific top and bottom door clearance for optimal function. These hinges help maintain the visual continuity of doors while maximizing accessibility and traffic flow.
Choosing the right butt hinge: When evaluating butt hinges for your door hardware needs, consider key factors such as load-bearing capacity, material compatibility (brass, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), corrosion resistance, finish options, safety and security features, and how the hinge type aligns with your intended usage. Quality installation and periodic maintenance will maximize the service life of your hinges and ensure ongoing smooth operation, whether in high-traffic commercial spaces, industrial environments, or refined residential interiors.
If you're looking for help selecting butt hinges, or need more information about fire-rated, security, or ADA-compliant options, contact a reputable door hardware supplier. Explore their product specifications and installation resources for further guidance.
In this chapter, we will explore the applications, advantages, and drawbacks of butt hinges.
Butt hinges find extensive use across various sectors including domestic, medical, industrial, military, and agricultural settings. The type of butt hinge chosen varies depending on its specific application.
In the medical industry, heavy-duty, lead-lined doors are crucial for radiation and neutron shielding, as well as for vault doors and medical equipment. Similarly, heavy door hinges are used in research facilities to safeguard against radiation contamination. In military and defense sectors, hinges are essential for heavy doors in secure locations, transporters, and armored vehicles.
Domestically, hinges are commonly employed in doors, windows, cupboards, TV stands, and various household items. In industrial settings such as chemical processing plants, heavy-duty hinges are used on large processing containers to maintain environmental integrity, while shipping containers use hinges for secure locking mechanisms.
Ball-bearing butt hinges are preferred for heavy entryway doors and those subject to frequent use. They are also utilized in industries like oil and gas plants to facilitate movement, providing stability for large gates. Additionally, these hinges are found in lighting panels such as LCD screens, laptop screens, and illuminated wall cladding.
Marine equipment and ships utilize hinges on doors for easy loading and unloading. Different types of hinges are also integral to gates, equipment, and agricultural machinery on construction sites. For fold-down desks and storage benches, piano hinges are commonly employed, while offset hinges are useful in creating wider entrances to accommodate individuals with disabilities.
As previously mentioned, there is a wide variety of butt hinges available to suit many different applications. Whether you need a specific replacement or a new installation, finding an appropriate butt hinge is typically straightforward. Additionally, butt hinges are known for their ease of installation.
Installing or replacing a damaged butt hinge requires minimal knowledge and experience. Their simplicity also extends to maintenance, as they are designed to be durable and resistant to chemicals, harsh conditions, and corrosion. Despite their compact size, some designs offer high security and sturdiness. Furthermore, butt hinges can be aesthetically pleasing, adding an extra dimension to their functionality.
Despite their common use and availability, butt hinges have notable disadvantages. In homes, where comfort and security are paramount, the visibility of butt hinges can facilitate break-ins. Intruders can easily remove the hinges and subsequently the door itself, bypassing locked doors.
Over time, butt hinges can also become loose, causing increased wear and potential damage to furniture since they are secured with screws. Replacing a worn-out hinge can sometimes necessitate replacing the entire piece of furniture. Loose hinges pose a safety hazard and can lead to accidents in the home.
Compared to invisible hinges, butt hinges are generally less durable. Selecting the right butt hinge requires careful consideration, especially for heavy-duty applications. High-quality, strong butt hinges can be expensive due to their production costs, potentially affecting their overall quality.
The wide range of available butt hinges can be overwhelming, requiring specific knowledge to choose the appropriate hinge for a given application. Selecting an improper butt hinge may result in additional costs for extra materials and labor to rectify the mistake.
In most cases, a fixed and a moving body are joined by a butt hinge, which permits angular movement along one axis but forbids translation and rotation along the other two axes. There are many different kinds of butt hinges available and the majority of hinges were developed with a specific purpose in mind. Leaves, knuckles (or barrels), and pins are the butt hinges' primary parts and their characteristics can be defined from these parts. The load, end play, aesthetics, and surroundings all affect how hinges are designed. To create the best hinge, these elements must be balanced. Butt hinges are produced based on the hinge profile, the material, the price, and the technology available. Forging and casting were the first metalworking techniques to lead to the development of hinges. Mass production methods like extrusion, molding, and milling were then applied later as technology advanced.
A concealed hinge, also known as a hidden or European hinge, is a type of hinge that has parts invisible to the onlooker when the door is closed. They are commonly used in cabinet doors to add an aesthetically pleasing and...
A continuous hinge is an extended single unit hinge that spans the full length of a door, cabinet, lid, or enclosure entrance. They are made of lightweight metals and can be cut to fit the size of any opening...
A hinge is a machine element that connects two bodies allowing angular movement about a fixed axis of rotation, all the while preventing translations and rotations on the remaining two axes. A hinge can be...
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